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İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü ((:isˈmet ˈinøny); 24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish general 〔(TSK Genel Kurmay Baskanlari )〕 and statesman, who served as the second President of Turkey from 11 November 1938, the day after the death of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, to 22 May 1950, when his Republican People's Party was defeated in Turkey's second free elections. He also served as the first Chief of the General Staff from 1922 to 1924, and as the first Prime Minister after the declaration of the Republic, serving three terms: from 1923 to 1924, 1925 to 1937, and 1961 to 1965. As President, he was granted the official title of "Milli Şef" (National Chief).〔Howard, Douglas Arthur (2001). ''The History of Turkey''. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109. ISBN 0-313-30708-3.〕
When the 1934 Surname Law was adopted, Mustafa Kemal gave him a surname taken from İnönü, where he commanded the forces of Army of Grand National Assembly as the Minister of the Chief of the General Staff (''Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Umumiye Reis Vekili'') during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922. Afterwards these battles became to be known as the First Battle of İnönü and Second Battle of İnönü.
==Family and early life==
İsmet İnönü was born in İzmir, Aidin Vilayet to Hacı Reşit () and Cevriye () (later Cevriye Temelli), and was of Kurdish descent on his father's side and of Turkish descent through his mother.〔N. Pope, H. Pope, ''Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey'', Overlook Press, 1998, ISBN 1-58567-096-0, ISBN 978-1-58567-096-3, p.254 (''... president of republic, including Ismet Inönü and Turgut Özal, had Kurdish blood. Several cabinet ministers in 1980s and 1990s had been Kurdish...'') – reference found in Turkish Wikipedia article〕〔Romano, David, ''The Kurdish nationalist movement: opportunity, mobilization, and identity'', (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 118; ''Despite his own Kurdish ancestry, Inonu had apparently embraced Ziya Gokalp's notions of Turkism, which allowed him to advance to the highest post of the new republic.''〕〔Erik Jan Zürcher, (October 2002)〕〔"Demek İsmet Kürttür. Hem de koyu Kürt! Biz bu heyetin başından Abaza diye Rauf’u attırdık. Türk diye bir halis Kürt getirmişiz, vah yazık!", Rıza Nur, ''Hayat ve Hatıratım: Rıza Nur-İnönü kavgası, Lozan ve ötesi'', İşaret Yayınları, 1992, p. 235.〕〔"Even Ismet Inonu, Ataturk's long time ally and successor, was discouraged from revealing his Kurdish heritage.", Nader Entessar, "The Kurdish Mosaic of Discord", Third World Foundation'', Third World Quarterly'', Vol. 11, No. 4, Ethnicity in World Politics (Oct. 1989), Carfax Publishing Co., 1989, (p. 93. )〕 Hacı Reşit was retired from the First Examinant Department of Legal Affairs Bureau of the War Ministry (''Harbiye Nezareti Muhakemat Dairesi Birinci Mümeyyizliği''),〔T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972. 〕 who was born in Malatya and a member of Kümüroğulları family of Bitlis. Cevriye was a daughter of Müderris (professor) Hasan Efendi who was ulema〔 and a member of Turkish family of Razgrad.〔Günvar Otmanbölük, ''İsmet Paşa Dosyası'', Cilt 1, Yaylacık Matbaası, 1969, (p. 6. ) 〕 Due to his father's assignments, the family moved from one city to another. Thus, Ismet completed his primary education in Sivas and graduated Sivas Military Junior High School (''Sivas Askerî Rüştiyesi'') in 1894. And then he studied at Sivas School for Civil Servants (''Sivas Mülkiye İdadisi'') for a year.
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